A 形式
to have+过去分词:
to have worked
to have spoken
B 与助动词连用
1与 was/were连用表示没有完成的计划或安排(参见第114节):
The house was to have been ready today.
这座房屋本应该今天竣工。(但目前还没)
2与 should, would, might和 could一块构成条件完成时(参见第223节):
If I had seen her I should have invited her.
我当时如果看到她的话我本会邀请她的。
3与should或ought连用表示没履行的义务,或用于否定式表示错误的或愚蠢的行为(参见第143节):
He should have helped her.
他本应该帮助她。(但他没如此做)
I shouldnt/oughtnt to have lied to him.
我本不应该对他撒谎话。(但我说了)
4与 should/would like连用表示未达成的愿望(参见第 296节D):
He would like to have seen it.
他本想看看它。(但没能看到)
这句也可写成:
He would have liked to see it.
即可以把句子中两个动词的任一个变成不定式的完成式,而不改变句子的意思。
5 与could连用,表示过去没借助的能力或过去的可能性:
I could have made a lot of money.
我本来可以赚到很多钱。(但我没能赚到。)
He could/might have phoned her.
他可能给她打过电话。(或许他打过电话。)
(另参见第134节与第138节。)
6 与might/could连用表示说话人对于未办到某事感到不快或愤怒:
He might/could have told me!
他本应告诉我!
I am annoyed1 that he didnt tell me.
他没告诉我,我非常不开心。(参见第285节D。)
7 与may/might连用,表示推想发生在过去的动作:
He may/might have left.等于:
It is possible that he(has) left.
他可能已经走了。(参见第133节。)
You might/could have been killed!
(那时)你或许会送了命的!
8 与cant/couldnt连用表示否定的推论(参见第159节):
He cant/couldnt have moved the piano himself.
这台钢琴不可能是他一个人搬的。
We knew he couldnt have paid for it,because he had no money.
大家了解不可能是他付了这笔钱,由于他没钱。
9 与must连用表示一定的推论(参见第156节):
He must have come this way; here are his footprints2.
他肯定是走这条路来的;这里还有他的脚印呢。
10 与neednt连用表示过去非必须的行为(另参见第152节与第153节):
You neednt have hurried. Now we are too early.
你本不必那样着急。目前大家到得太早了。
You neednt have cooked it. We could have eaten it raw3.
你本来不必把它烧熟。大家本可以吃生的。
C 与某些别的动词连用
1 与appear,happen,pretend,seem连用
注意这里的不定式的一般式与完成式之间的差别:不定式的一般式:
He seems to be a great athlete.
他看来是一名出色的运动员。等于:
It seems that he is
大家的印象是他是
He seemed to be a great athlete.
那时他看着像一名出色的运动员。等于:
It seemed that he was
那时大家的印象是他是一名
不定式的完成式:
He seems to have been
他看来过去是等于:
It seems that he was
大家的印象是他过去是
He seemed to have been
那时看来他过去是等于:
It seemed that he had been
那时大家的印象是他过去是
这就是说,不定式的完成式表示的动作是一个更早的动作,它发生在主要动词所表示的动作之前。
其他例子如:
I happened to have driven that kind of car before.等于:
It happened that I had driven that kind of car before.
碰巧我过去曾开过那种汽车。
He pretended4 to have read the book.等于:
He pretended that he had read it.
他假装过去读过那本书。
2 与下列动词的被动式连用: acknowledge5, believe, consider,find,know,report,say, suppose,think, understand:
He is understood to have left the country.
据悉他已经离开了这个国家。(参见第306节。)
3 不定式的完成式可与claim,expect,hope,promise连用,但不那样容易见到:
He expects/hopes to have finished by June.等于:
He expects/hopes that he will have finished by June.
他预期/期望到 6月份能完成。