So I told her that the source of the Mekong is in Qinghai Province.

her不是told的宾语吗?为何后面还要跟一个that引导的宾语从句?

英语中有的动词常可接双宾语,tell就是其中之一,常构成tell sb. sth.(告诉某人某事)。比如:

I told her the good news. her为间接宾语,the good news为直接宾语。

直接宾语也可以用从句,你的问题就是这样。句意:所以我告诉她湄公河的源头在青海。

her是间接宾语,直接宾语是that引导的名词性从句,说明具体内容。又如:

Hetoldusthatthe tour was pencilled in for the following March. 他告诉大家旅游暂定在下个3月。